Definition and Examples of Heat Energy

Definition and Examples of Heat Energy The vast majority utilize the word warmth to portray something that feels warm, anyway in science, thermodynamic conditions, specifically, heat is characterized as the progression of vitality between two frameworks by methods for dynamic vitality. This can appear as moving vitality from a warm article to a cooler item. All the more basically, heat vitality, likewise called warm vitality or just warmth, is moved starting with one area then onto the next by particles skipping into one another. All issue contains heat vitality, and the more warmth vitality that is available, the more sweltering a thing or region will be. Warmth versus Temperature The qualification between heat andâ temperatureâ isâ subtleâ but significant. Warmth alludes to the exchange of vitality between frameworks (or bodies), though temperature is controlled by the vitality contained inside a particular framework (or body). At the end of the day, heat is vitality, while temperature is a proportion of vitality. Including warmth will expand a bodys temperature while evacuating warmth will bring down the temperature, in this way changes in temperature are the consequence of the nearness of warmth, or on the other hand, the absence of warmth. You can quantify the temperature of a room by putting a thermometer in the room and estimating the surrounding air temperature. You can add warmth to a room by turning on a spaceâ heater. As the warmth is added to the room, the temperature rises. Particles have more vitality at higher temperatures, and as this vitality is moved starting with one framework then onto the next, the quick moving particles will crash into more slow moving particles. As they impact, the quicker molecule will move a portion of its vitality to the more slow molecule, and the procedure will proceed until all the particles are working at a similar rate. This is called thermalâ equilibrium. Units of Heat The SI unit for heat is a type of vitality called the joule (J). Warmth is much of the time additionally estimated in the calorie (cal), which is characterized as the measure of warmth required to raise the temperature of one gram of water from 14.5 degrees Celsius to 15.5 degrees Celsius. Warmth is additionally at times estimated in British warm units or Btu. Sign Conventions for Heat Energy Transfer In physical conditions, the measure of warmth moved is generally meant by the image Q. Warmth move might be demonstrated by either a positive or negative number. Warmth that is discharged into the environmental factors is composed as a negative amount (Q 0). At the point when warmth is ingested from the environmental factors, it is composed as a positive worth (Q 0). Methods of Transferring Heat There are three essential approaches to move heat: convection, conduction, and radiation. Numerous homes are warmed through the convection procedure, whichâ transfers heat vitality through gases or fluids. In the home, as the air is warmed, the particles gain heat vitality permitting them to move quicker, warming the cooler particles. Since hotâ air isâ less thick than cold air, it will rise. As the cooler air falls, it very well may be brought into our warming frameworks which will again permit the quicker particles to warm up the air. This is viewed as a roundabout progression of air and is called aâ convection current. These currentsâ circleâ and heatâ our homes. The conduction procedure is the exchange of warmth vitality starting with one strong then onto the next, essentially, two things that are contacting. We can see a case of this can be seen when we cook on the oven. At the point when we place the chill dish off on the hot burner, heat vitality is moved from the burner to the container, which thus warms up. Radiation is a procedure wherein heat travels through spots where there are no particles, and is really a type of electromagnetic vitality. Any thing whose warmth can be felt without direct association is emanating vitality. You can see this in the warmth of the sun, the sentiment of warmth falling off a campfire that is a few feet away, and even in the way that rooms brimming with individuals will normally being hotter than void rooms on the grounds that every people body is transmitting heat.

Neuroscience Nursing Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Question: Examine about theNeuroscience Nursing: Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Answer: Burst of the Middle Cerebral Artery aneurysm with a Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Burst of the Middle Cerebral Artery aneurysm brings about the advancement of around 80% of the instances of subarachnoid drain that are non-horrendous. These aneurysms transcendently create at the fanning focuses or vessel bifurcations. Center cerebral course aneurysm is a sort of intracranial aneurysm (otherwise called berry aneurysms) and the vast majority of these happen close or inside the hover of Willis (Wen et al. 2012, pp.688-699). Nonetheless, the most widely recognized area of the intracranial aneurysms is at the front conveying conduit and the center cerebral supply route bifurcation and by and large establishes about 60% of the general aneurysms. 10 20% of the aneurysms create at the basilar and vertebral courses (Zanaty et al. 2014, pp.381-387). Subarachnoid discharge is answerable for about 6% of the instances of strokes and influences around 6 to 9 individuals in a populace of 100,000. About 85% of the patients endure seeping because of intracranial aneurysms and 10% f rom the non-aneurysmal and prei-mesencephalic drain (Pierot et al. 2013, pp.27-35). 5% of the draining is credited to the vascular variations from the norm that incorporate vasculitis, arteriovenous contortion and tumor-related strange veins. The mean period of event is 50 years, influences the more youthful populace and ladies are at a higher hazard contrasted with men for subarachnoid discharge (Kalani et al. 2013, pp.428-436). Besides, various looks into have been completed till date on subarachnoid drain be that as it may, restricted examination has been directed to clarify the neurosurgical intercessions of center cerebral corridor aneurysm with a subarachnoid discharge. In this task, the scientist will do a broad writing survey to decide the neurological mediations of center cerebral corridor aneurysm with a subarachnoid drain from the essential sources. Diringer (2009, p.432) did an examination to exhibit the administration of the subarachnoid discharge because of the burst of the intracranial aneurysm. The article has exhibited a nitty gritty experience of the obsessive condition with the common outcomes and the necessary mediations. Neurological intercessions introduced in this article included neurological capacity appraisal with angiography planning. Neurological decay has been recognized as the main side effect of the confusion with seizures. This article was gainful in understanding the condition from the neurological angle in any case, much consideration was not given to the administration of the sickness from the neurological points of view with a more profound comprehension of the different parameters of intercession. Essentially, The confusions of the illness and their administration have been all around examined with arrangement of the early clinical consideration the board with regular pharmacological intercessions The p rimary contentions raised by the article expressed that veins get contracted as a result of the obsessive changes, unwinding of the intracranial supply routes are impeded trailed by the narrowing of the lumen and thickening of the divider. These outcomes in a decline in the cerebral blood stream that causes localized necrosis and ischemia. The article has all around clarified the pathophysiology that was very much upheld by the clinical intercession which expressed that catheter angiography and transcranial Doppler can be utilized for estimating the speeds of blood stream. Then again, the administration should be possible by a few prophylactic measures and nimodipine is the favored pharmacological mediation for vasospasm. Lumbar CSF depleting has been the proposed non-pharmacological mediation for forestalling the collection of blood in the subarachnoid space and decreases the danger of event of vasospasm. Conversely with the past article, another comparative article by Connolly et al. (2012, pp.1711-1737) took the contention forward for narrowing the holes from the past examination by expressing the rules identified with the administration of the aneurismal subarachnoid drain. One of the neurological intercessions examined in this article is cerebral angiography and it has been recognized as a generally utilized method for the condition. In spite of the fact that it has been acknowledged that registered tomographic angiography is the best intercession process for the treatment of aneurysm with careful section, it is as yet a discussion to decide if its utilization is reasonable in situations where endovascular treatment can be another option. The creators did an uncommonly definite ID of the different innovative determinations of the instruments and inferred that 3-dimensional cerebral angiography was seen as more successful and delicate than its 2-dimensional partner. The article did a careful conversation of the treatment of the cerebral aneurysms by pharmacological and non-pharmacological mediations. Clinical measures ought to be embraced for the early treatment for decreasing the danger of re-seeping because of cracked center cerebral supply route aneurysm. For this, intense hypertension coming about out of aneurismal subarachnoid discharge must be controlled with prescriptions like nicardipine as it gives smoother control of pulse over sodium nitroprusside and labetalol. Antifibrinolytic treatment has likewise been seen as successful in lessening aneurysm re-seeping if there should be an occurrence of deferred aneurysm annihilation. Endovascular and careful techniques for the treatment of cracked center cerebral vein aneurysm incorporates microsurgical cut pulverization and the article gave adequate proof to help the viability of this strategy. Besides, contentions have been set by the creator expressing that aneurysm repeat and deficient impediment is basi cally subject to the vault size and the neck width. Expanding the pace of complete demolition is conceivable by the incorporation of high porosity stent, it ought to be upheld with double antiplatelet periprocedural treatment for the counteraction of the blood vessel thromboembolism. Microsurgical approaches with unadulterated platinum curls are the strategy for decision for the current endovascular innovation. It is hard to treat center cerebral supply route aneurysm by the strategy for loop embolization and hence, careful treatment is the most ideal choice for its treatment. This article was exceptionally enlightening however needed a few different parts of nursing intercession for the treatment of the condition. A contention was advanced by Mery, Amin-Hanjani and Charbel (2008, pp.979-982) expressed that the ICG (intraoperative indocyanine green) video angiography for the affirmation of aneurysm pulverization isn't secure and there have been cases detailing burst and development of the angiographically destroyed aneurysms. ICG video angiography is an important instrument that is utilized when the highlights of aneurysms are mind boggling and direct section gets testing. Its viability can likewise be contrasted and catheter intraoperative angiography. In any case, the examination showed that ICG had a bogus sign of the aneurysm decimation and applies to the catheter angiography. Along these lines, follow up on a drawn out premise is suggested with angiographic assessment with cerebral angiogram for the making sure about of aneurysm. To talk about on the administration of subarachnoid seeping with unique spotlight on normalizing cerebral perfusion pressure, an exploration work was directed by Umamaheswara Rao (2007, p.12) to show the pharmacological administration of horrible mind injury dependent on cerebral perfusion pressure. The creator showed cerebral perfusion pressure as the contrast between the intracranial weight and the mean blood vessel pressure. Subarachnoid discharge because of center cerebral vein aneurysm is a type of mind injury and its administration incorporates seepage of cerebrospinal liquid through ventriculostomy, foundational vasopressor and vascular extension. Then again, pharmacological mediations remember mannitol for the portion of 0.5-1.0g/kg for keeping up the cerebral perfusion pressure at 70mmHg and egg whites implantations for assembly of the extracellular water into the intravascular compartment. Norephinephrine or phenylephrine without or with dopamine is utilized for accomplishi ng the necessary mean blood vessel pressure.. Notwithstanding, the non-pharmacological mediations were absent in this article and to inquire about further on this perspective, the writing search was continued. For conveying forward the contention, a comparable report was completed by (Meyer et al. 2010, pp.706-721) recommended some other pharmacological intercessions for improving the neural recuperation after the aneurysmal subarachnoid discharge. The other pharmacological intercessions incorporate midazolam, narcotics, barbiturates, propofol, and hypertonic saline. In any case, the analysts contended that the cannabinoids were seen as insufficient and the corticosteroids were accounted for to be contraindicated in the treatment of the condition. Additionally, the drawn out advantages from these mediations once in a while brought about the improved and long haul results for the patient. This proposed further examination is required to recognize the non-pharmacological mediations for the administration. As a help and continuation to the past examination, Meyer et al. (2010, pp.694-705) completed a survey to decide the non-pharmacological intercessions for overseeing and keeping up cerebral perfusion weight and circulatory strain. This examination showed the non-pharmacological mediations in arrangement with the discoveries from the past investigation and was an aggregation of the discoveries from a few different examinations. The nursing intercessions proposed in this investigation incorporate modification of the head pose, revolution of the body position, hyperbaric oxygen, hypothermia and hyperventilation. Rise of the head over the heart level lessens intracranial pressur

Success For All Through Maximizing The Power of Peer Learning Essay

Accomplishment For All Through Maximizing The Power of Peer Learning - Essay Example Understudies and students that work bunches are supposed to be progressively fruitful in thinking and basic reasoning abilities which eventually improves their general execution (Cohen, 1994). Companion training is a mind boggling articulation and as result it is difficult to nail down a straightforward definition and one can just endeavor to depict it. Friend instruction can be depicted as a methodology through which young people can work as a team with their peers which draws upon the constructive parts of companion elements; through fitting preparing and presentation, companions can figure out how to have a functioning impact in the training procedure as opposed to just be uninvolved beneficiaries of the equivalent. I was inspired to evaluate peer learning models on the grounds that as an educator it was simple for me to welcome the focal points they held both as consequence of experience and from an investigation of research and writing on the equivalent. Friend training is turning into an inexorably well known procedure of giving exhortation and social data as well as a strategy for instructional method which is viewed as a comprehensive including and profiting understudies the companion teachers and the school all in all. Among the numerous advantages of companion instructing is that it achieves constructive changes in light of information, aptitudes and certainty all which a basic in scholastic and self-awareness. Friend instructs are likewise liable to obtain the one of a kind advantage of state-of-the-art data and fundamental abilities that the convectional educators may not give and it is simpler to them to distinguish and fabricate positive associations with them. Earthy colored and Campione contend that a network of students in homeroom can be imagined as far as different proximal advancement zones through which members can explore at their various paces and courses. Piaget who is one of the principal specialists on advancement and training agrees in his social-social learning hypothesis which suggests that individuals secure new aptitudes and

Will Taking a Gap Year Help Me Get Into the Ivy League

President Obama's oldest daughter, Malia, is heading to the Ivy League. Yet although she'll graduate from high school this spring, she won't be enrolling in Harvard until the fall of 2017- that's after she takes a year to explore personal interests outside the classroom. Her announcement has sparked an interest in gap years for families as well as higher education professionals. It's been a particularly hot topic for the American Gap Association, especially since the news was made public on the first day of their 2nd annual conference in Boston. The organization's primary focus is to increase awareness of gap years, and many in the field have been working for decades to convince families of their benefits. Jason Sarouhan, Vice President of the Center for Interim Programs, a gap year consulting firm, attended the conference and was excited to hear about the First Daughter's decision. "I, and many others in this field, appreciate the symbolism in Malia's decision and what it represents to so many students across the country," he says. "Here is this highly-achieved young woman who ostensibly could pursue any path that she chose. She has an acceptance at one of the most prestigious schools in the country and yet she is drawing a line in the sand that says that while academics and her professional success will be of high importance to her, living a balanced life, developing a holistic set of experiences and cultivating interests is a priority as well." "Whatever Malia chooses to do with this time, we hope that she challenges herself so that she can go on to college an even stronger, wiser and more empathetic adult and leader in her community," says Sarouhan. The idea of taking a gap year before college began in the U.K. during the 1960s, and while it hasn't completely caught on in the U.S., it's popularity been on the rise. In fact, according to the nonprofit organization CIEE, Harvard has seen a 33% increase in the number of incoming students postponing enrollment. Yet not every college is on board with the idea, so those planning to take a gap year should keep a few things in mind. RELATED: Using 529 plan savings to pay for a gap year When to apply to college if taking a gap year In Sarouhan's experience, many students will wait until they get an acceptance letter from a college and then ask to defer acceptance until after they take a gap year. In these cases, the gap year experience would have zero effect on the admissions decision, since the student was already accepted. However, some schools, such as the University of California, do not grant deferrals on a regular basis, so students taking a gap year are encouraged to reapply during their time off. Yet other colleges prefer that students be up front about their plans when they apply, and many offer a check box on the application for those who intend on taking a gap year. And, according to Sarouhan, "These schools have gone as far as to suggest that this declaration has a positive impact on acceptance." Does a gap year help your chances of getting into a prestigious school? In most cases, a gap year is viewed positively on a college application, depending on how the student spends their time. In fact, Lulu Curiel, founder of Ivy Advisors, says that students can use a gap year to gain the type of experience Ivy League schools are looking for. "More than ever, recruiters are looking for people who demonstrate working knowledge and experience in a certain field of practice," says Curiel. "Whether it's working with a particular organization, project, or startup, the gap year could provide a jumpstart to someone's career. Similarly, that gap year could be about exploring a passion, such as volunteering abroad, working with children, or many other opportunities. Used wisely and productively, a gap year is an excellent opportunity to stand out amongst the crowd." RELATED: 6 steps to landing in the Ivy Leagues Sarouhan agrees that students can use their gap time to improve their chances for Ivy League success. "Whatever compelling experiences one has during that post senior year summer and subsequent fall are excellent fodder for one's rï ¿ ½sumï ¿ ½, college essays and general testimony to one's personal growth," he says. "Colleges appreciate mature students who arrive on campus rested, focused and curious. Gap year has been shown time and again to have this outcome for students courageous enough to take them." Risks involved Yet just like any potential reward, there are risks that come along with taking a gap year. "If not planned well, taking a gap year could be a risky move," says Curiel. "It is not intended for students who want to just 'wing it' and 'see what happens'. To maximize your chances for the Ivy Leagues it is important to first ask yourself what you would get out of this year that you couldn't otherwise get." And students who wait until their gap year to apply or re-apply to include the experience on their application should be aware of any rules the school may have regarding deferrals. "We have received several acceptance letters from students this year alone that suggest the following criteria for a student who wants to take gap time," he says. Deferred students may not enroll as a full-time student at another college/university. Deferred students may not take college level classes for which they hope to gain credit. If a student wants credit for classes taken elsewhere, he or she must reapply as a transfer student and admission is not guaranteed. Deferred students may not apply for admission at any other college or university either in theï ¿ ½United Statesï ¿ ½or internationally. "Though consequences for the last stipulation remain vague, the implication is that a) there is a system in place that could be accessed to cross-check that application has not been made elsewhere and b) that a student's acceptance could be rescinded if it is discovered that a student did indeed apply to other schools," he warns.ï ¿ ½"We have heard stories on both sides; those of students losing their spots and those of students who were accepted at a school that they preferred," he says. RELATED: How younger students can build a competitive profile for the Ivy League President Obama's oldest daughter, Malia, is heading to the Ivy League. Yet although she'll graduate from high school this spring, she won't be enrolling in Harvard until the fall of 2017- that's after she takes a year to explore personal interests outside the classroom. Her announcement has sparked an interest in gap years for families as well as higher education professionals. It's been a particularly hot topic for the American Gap Association, especially since the news was made public on the first day of their 2nd annual conference in Boston. The organization's primary focus is to increase awareness of gap years, and many in the field have been working for decades to convince families of their benefits. Jason Sarouhan, Vice President of the Center for Interim Programs, a gap year consulting firm, attended the conference and was excited to hear about the First Daughter's decision. "I, and many others in this field, appreciate the symbolism in Malia's decision and what it represents to so many students across the country," he says. "Here is this highly-achieved young woman who ostensibly could pursue any path that she chose. She has an acceptance at one of the most prestigious schools in the country and yet she is drawing a line in the sand that says that while academics and her professional success will be of high importance to her, living a balanced life, developing a holistic set of experiences and cultivating interests is a priority as well." "Whatever Malia chooses to do with this time, we hope that she challenges herself so that she can go on to college an even stronger, wiser and more empathetic adult and leader in her community," says Sarouhan. The idea of taking a gap year before college began in the U.K. during the 1960s, and while it hasn't completely caught on in the U.S., it's popularity been on the rise. In fact, according to the nonprofit organization CIEE, Harvard has seen a 33% increase in the number of incoming students postponing enrollment. Yet not every college is on board with the idea, so those planning to take a gap year should keep a few things in mind. RELATED: Using 529 plan savings to pay for a gap year When to apply to college if taking a gap year In Sarouhan's experience, many students will wait until they get an acceptance letter from a college and then ask to defer acceptance until after they take a gap year. In these cases, the gap year experience would have zero effect on the admissions decision, since the student was already accepted. However, some schools, such as the University of California, do not grant deferrals on a regular basis, so students taking a gap year are encouraged to reapply during their time off. Yet other colleges prefer that students be up front about their plans when they apply, and many offer a check box on the application for those who intend on taking a gap year. And, according to Sarouhan, "These schools have gone as far as to suggest that this declaration has a positive impact on acceptance." Does a gap year help your chances of getting into a prestigious school? In most cases, a gap year is viewed positively on a college application, depending on how the student spends their time. In fact, Lulu Curiel, founder of Ivy Advisors, says that students can use a gap year to gain the type of experience Ivy League schools are looking for. "More than ever, recruiters are looking for people who demonstrate working knowledge and experience in a certain field of practice," says Curiel. "Whether it's working with a particular organization, project, or startup, the gap year could provide a jumpstart to someone's career. Similarly, that gap year could be about exploring a passion, such as volunteering abroad, working with children, or many other opportunities. Used wisely and productively, a gap year is an excellent opportunity to stand out amongst the crowd." RELATED: 6 steps to landing in the Ivy Leagues Sarouhan agrees that students can use their gap time to improve their chances for Ivy League success. "Whatever compelling experiences one has during that post senior year summer and subsequent fall are excellent fodder for one's rï ¿ ½sumï ¿ ½, college essays and general testimony to one's personal growth," he says. "Colleges appreciate mature students who arrive on campus rested, focused and curious. Gap year has been shown time and again to have this outcome for students courageous enough to take them." Risks involved Yet just like any potential reward, there are risks that come along with taking a gap year. "If not planned well, taking a gap year could be a risky move," says Curiel. "It is not intended for students who want to just 'wing it' and 'see what happens'. To maximize your chances for the Ivy Leagues it is important to first ask yourself what you would get out of this year that you couldn't otherwise get." And students who wait until their gap year to apply or re-apply to include the experience on their application should be aware of any rules the school may have regarding deferrals. "We have received several acceptance letters from students this year alone that suggest the following criteria for a student who wants to take gap time," he says. Deferred students may not enroll as a full-time student at another college/university. Deferred students may not take college level classes for which they hope to gain credit. If a student wants credit for classes taken elsewhere, he or she must reapply as a transfer student and admission is not guaranteed. Deferred students may not apply for admission at any other college or university either in theï ¿ ½United Statesï ¿ ½or internationally. "Though consequences for the last stipulation remain vague, the implication is that a) there is a system in place that could be accessed to cross-check that application has not been made elsewhere and b) that a student's acceptance could be rescinded if it is discovered that a student did indeed apply to other schools," he warns.ï ¿ ½"We have heard stories on both sides; those of students losing their spots and those of students who were accepted at a school that they preferred," he says. RELATED: How younger students can build a competitive profile for the Ivy League

Essay about Needless Boundaries in Frosts Mending Wall

Needless Boundaries in Frosts Mending Wall As long as man has existed, territories and boundaries have been a part of life. Everyone finds a need to have a part of this earth that he can call his own. As soon as one finds his own space, he begins to set boundaries sometimes in the form of walls or fences. This creation of a wall raises the question with the poet, Robert Frost, as to what they are â€Å"walling in or walling out.† In his poem â€Å"Mending Wall,† Frost as the narrator participates in the repairing of a wall that he finds little purpose in. Frost suggests that besides himself there is â€Å"something† mysterious that doesn’t like walls. For example, the frozen ground swells to make gaps big enough to†¦show more content†¦With no livestock to fence in, and apple trees not big enough to harm her pine trees, the poet sees no real purpose in the wall. However, his neighbor feels that the fence will ensure a friendly existence between them as he states, â€Å"good fences make good neighbors.† Is it necessary to wall yourself up in order to enjoy a peaceful existence with others? The neighbor continues to perform the task of repairing the fence to provide a division between him and the rest of the world. He apparently believes it necessary to ensure peaceful existence with a wall. The poet sees it as an unnecessary interruption in natural beauty. The poet sees this ritual of mending the wall as a humorous â€Å"game.† He compares his neighbor to a â€Å"old-stone savage armed.† He says he â€Å"moves in darkness† and only does what his father did before him. He also says, â€Å"he will not go behind his father’s saying, â€Å"†¦good fences make good neighbors.† The darkness is not from the shade trees that cover him but from his lack of understanding that the poet does not share his concern for restoring the wall. The poet fails to see the need for people and nature to separate from each other. Men should enjoy their natural surroundings without boundaries. The wall represents the lack of communication on the point between he and his neighbor. The neighbor is bound by tradition,

My College English Class and What I learned - 809 Words

The course definitely changed the way I approached writing a paper. One day in lecture you quoted Ernest Hemmingway saying, â€Å"The first draft of anything is shit.† This changed the way I approached and wrote papers. I used to start papers the night before, barely look over them and making few changes. This course encouraged me to outline, write a rough draft and constantly review then finalization the paper. Peer review before this class I though was pointless because most student hardly pay attention to the paper and usually wrote â€Å"good job.† The students in the class actually read my paper and gave honest feedback and ways to improve it. Also to have a teacher read your draft and give feedback with what is wrong and ways to help the quality of the paper helped greatly. This English class was definitely different than high school English. College English class was very different than high school English class. In high school there was not much emphasis on proper headings and titles. If we had correct name, date and title, the teacher would not care about the parts such as page number and margins. In high school we read more books but mainly paid attention to the sequence of events and put pieces of the story together and not go into detail about tone, point of view or persuasion in the book. High school papers were around 2-3 pages, but in college most of them are 6 or longer. Citing after a sentence is much more stressed in college and plagiarism is taken much moreShow MoreRelatedMy First Day Of College977 Words   |  4 Pages It was my first day of college ever when I walked into my English 1060 class. I felt my stomach doing flips. I was filled with the anticipation on what it was going to be like, what I was going to learn and how hard it was going to be. Before becoming a student at Oakland Communit y College, I went to Brandon High School. 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PostTraumatic Stress Disorder and Vietnam Veterans Essay Example For Students

PostTraumatic Stress Disorder and Vietnam Veterans Essay Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Vietnam Veterans The power of the human brain is a mystery of science. For example, while certain parts of the brain are well known to control certain bodily functions, the brains memory capacity is just now being discovered. Scientists believe that only a small fraction of the brain is actually used, and its potential power is much greater than one may expect or believe. Its ability to view and store information is still not totally understood by scientists today. This causes a special problem in the treatment certain mental illnesses such as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, or PTSD, is a reaction to a traumatic event in which death, serious injury, or the threat of either is present. The most common occurrence of this illness is among veterans of war, and it is very common among those who served in Vietnam. Vietnam veterans who suffer from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and do not receive medical treatment are at a high risk of suicide and other horrible demises. They become despondent and hard to talk to. It is as if the sufferers of PTSD are in a different reality. The traumatic events play back in their mind and they have a tough time relating with people. Louise Erdrich illustrates this in The Red Convertible. The short story is about two teenage Native American boys, Lyman and Henry, and the bond of their love for each other symbolized by a red convertible. One summer they buy a red convertible and travel across North America. When they return home, the older of the two, Henry, gets drafted in the war and spends up to three years in Vietnam with several of them as a POW. When he comes back, the effects of PTSD are obvious, but medical treatment is unavailable to him on his reservation because his mother is afraid to visit the local doctor. Henry, who used to be an energetic, joking, happy-go-lucky person, is now very quiet, jumpy, and uncomfortable around other people. He just sits in front of the familys color television firmly gripping his chair. People on the reservation find Henry strange and they do not know how to act around him. Lyman finds his brother hard to understand, so he purposely destroys the convertible, which he had kept in good shape since before the war, and believes that through Henry fixing it, their old relationship can be rekindled. For a while Henry shows a small bit of his old self as he intently works to refurbish the car. When the car is completed, Henry and Lyman go for a drive and end up drinking beer down by the flooded river. In the end, Henry goes for a swim in river where his boots fill with water and his painful memories are finally stopped when he drowns. (Erdrich 293-301) Henry illustrates symptoms many Vietnam veterans have faced after the war. According to Arthur G. Neal and his book National Trauma and Collective Memory: Major events in the American Century, one of the main reasons Vietnam veterans suffer from PTSD is that they were thrown back into society without a any sort of ritualistic purification (140). Neal tells us that unlike after World War II when soldiers were given parades and were praised as heroes, Vietnam veterans were badly treated by civilian Americans because of the huge disbelief in and hatred of the war (140). The lack of this purification was especially bad for those veterans who were underprivileged, such as Native Americans. These underprivileged veterans were unable to get the required medical attention to treat their disorder. .u0d79b818618b736861946d48d62936f7 , .u0d79b818618b736861946d48d62936f7 .postImageUrl , .u0d79b818618b736861946d48d62936f7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0d79b818618b736861946d48d62936f7 , .u0d79b818618b736861946d48d62936f7:hover , .u0d79b818618b736861946d48d62936f7:visited , .u0d79b818618b736861946d48d62936f7:active { border:0!important; } .u0d79b818618b736861946d48d62936f7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0d79b818618b736861946d48d62936f7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0d79b818618b736861946d48d62936f7:active , .u0d79b818618b736861946d48d62936f7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0d79b818618b736861946d48d62936f7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0d79b818618b736861946d48d62936f7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0d79b818618b736861946d48d62936f7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0d79b818618b736861946d48d62936f7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0d79b818618b736861946d48d62936f7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0d79b818618b736861946d48d62936f7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0d79b818618b736861946d48d62936f7 .u0d79b818618b736861946d48d62936f7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0d79b818618b736861946d48d62936f7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Kant And Utilitarianism Essay The poverty that Native Americans and those of other similar demographics lived in caused a sharp difference in veterans who suffered from PTSD, as Sarah L. Knox writes in a review of Eric T. Dean, Jr.s Shook over Hell: Post-Traumatic Stress, Vietnam, and the Civil War (111). Knox says Dean argues that the privileged veteran would receive better treatment and medical attention compared to his impoverished counterpart (111). Neal also states that the communities and employers of Vietnam veterans treated them as if they had just gotten back from a vacation (140). This casual handling .

The Ecological Self Essay Research Paper Diversity free essay sample

The Ecological Self Essay, Research Paper Diversity is a whirlwind of colour through a society. There are no two people in the universe that are precisely likewise. Individuality distinguishes one individual or thing from others ( Landau, 364 Ed ) . A individual? s environment as a whole: an interaction with others, experiences, and clip, makes a montage of traits that distinguishes person as an person. David Sibley? s theory of the? Ecological Self? or Identity is bound by his deterrences of societal, cultural, and spacial context. Sibley believes that category, race, gender, and state forms our individuality, it is a individual construct that is molded by our experiences from the universe. I do non hold with this claim because people are persons, non a development of their milieus. Identity is non a individual construct, there are many factors that form it, environment can non merely consequence individuality. Sibley is a British sociologist that has dedicated his life to the surveies behind the? Ecological Self. We will write a custom essay sample on The Ecological Self Essay Research Paper Diversity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ? Sibley claims that the? Ecological Self? is non internal, it can non be separated from the physical. ? The societal placement of the ego means that the boundary between ego and other is formed through a series of cultural representations of people and things which often elide so that the non-human universe besides provides a context for selfhood ( Sibley, 250 ) . ? The? other, ? that is being spoken of, is besides known as the? Generalized Other. ? This is when we can non divide from the physical and see it to be the norm. How do I cognize who I am? Where do I suit in? Internal and external forces mold our sense of ego. Heredity and personal lesson are illustrations of internal forces. Children are frequently most effected by this. ? The forces of physical heritage takes topographic point chiefly in childhood, though even as grownups we have the possibility of covering in our personal development ( Grunewald, 2 ) . ? Environment besides plays an of import function in the formation of self-identity. The milieus, which can include people, topographic points, and experiences, mold an person into whom they become. The past forms our individualities, and physiques from our experiences. ? It is our memories which help us do the connexions, gives us the penetrations, and provides us with the sense of continuity, which is so of import for our individual Al individuality ( hypertext transfer protocol: //ozcountry.com/life/tip5.html ) . ? ? When we go through times of crisis, monolithic alterations, serious unwellness, deep struggles or emphasis, our sense of ego can be earnestly challenged, peculiarly if we have non faced such experiences before. Rather than presuming that personal individuality is lasting, inactive and secure we might see it better as our personalities are dynamic, germinating, fluid and altering. This will enable us to turn with life? s alterations as we develop new accomplishments, penetration, attitudes, beliefs and values. We are neer the same individual ( hypertext transfer protocol: //ozcountry.com/life/tip5.html ) . ? Identity is a womb-to-tomb, continual procedure of designation with contexts. The concluding point made by Sibley was to what extent do persons change their individuality to conform to societal functions. To most, suiting in and being liked is a really of import portion of life. The manner that others look at us is a portion of our societal standing. Everyone conforms in some manner to merely? fit in. ? College is an first-class illustration of the manner that people conform. This is at a clip that many begin to venture out and do determinations on their ain. Many college pupils face the pick of whether or non they would fall in a fraternity or sorority. On college campuses being portion of the in-crowd means that you are in a societal organisation. Students alter their individualities and conform so that they are able to suit in and consort themselves with others. Individuality and Identity have many factors involved. There can non be merely one cause that influences a individual so greatly. I would wish to see myself as a aggregation of interactions and experiences. The milieus that I have encountered have had an impact on my life, but it is non the individual determinate that makes the individual that I am today. David Sibley? s? Ecological Self? and the other related subjects discussed, have some cogency of specifying the construct of self-identity. Social and Cultural outlooks are non the lone dominant forces that form Bibliography grunewald, peter.genetic technology and medicine.1997. 1 January 2000 www.anth.org/ifgene/grun2 landua, Sidney, erectile dysfunction. the doubleday dictionary. doubleday A ; carbon monoxide, inc. new York: bogus, 1975 life tips centre. how do i cognize who i am? ozcountry.com

United States v Merck Medco

United States v Merck Medco Parties The parties in the case involve the United States government and Medco Health Solutions, which is an international company that offers medical services. The government side has a number of parties, including the department of Justice. Specifically, the department of Justice represents the Inspector General in charge of Health and Human services. This shows that the department of Justice is the American institution charged with the responsibility of ensuring that sanity is upheld in society.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on United States v Merck Medco specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The office of personnel management is also mentioned as the party in the case. The department of Justice in the case represents the personnel office. The government side is the complainant while Medco Solutions is the accused. On the accused side, Diane Collins, George Bradfort, William Gauger and Joseph Piacentile are mention ed as parties. Facts There are many facts in the case involving the United States government and Merck-Medco Solutions. One is that Medco is a company that prescribes treatment to patients. It offers pharmacy services to employees in both private and public sector. Medco company runs mail order pharmacies and call centers that are licensed by individual states and other bureaucratic institutions. The company conscribes employees that are approved by the government to exercise their professions. The company offers mail order treatments and allied benefit services to federal workers, retirees and their dependents (Showalter, 2007). Medco Company entered into various agreements with state agencies such as Federal Employees Health Benefits Program. Medco is a product of a merger between Merck Company and Medco RX Services Company. Therefore, in this, the word ‘Medco’ represents all its subsidiaries, forerunners and descendants. Another actuality is that Collins was the depu ty president and general manager of Merck-Medco RX Services from early 1999 to early 2001. Furthermore, Bradford and Gauger are specialized pharmacists who were conscribed by Medco Company before 1999. On May 6, 1999, Hunt and Gauger filed a qui tam action in the district court. On February 10, 2000, Piacentile filed another qui tam in the same court. Hunt and Gauger qui tam and Peacentile qui tam were merged into a single case. The two cases form the basis of this case. Moreover, it is a fact that the United States asserted that Medco and defendant Collins presented claims for payment of funds into various government financed health care plans including Blue Cross Shield Association and the Government Employees Hospital Association. Again, the United States government asserted that it had some civil claims against Medco Company and Collins. The government disputed that Medco Company had breached the contract by going against state pharmacy policies and rules (Showalter, 2007). Furt hermore, the company had contravened the pharmaceutical codes of ethics. Medco Company failed to fulfill its contractual performance accords by failing to testify its performance accurately under Federal Plan policies. The government confirmed that Medco Company failed to convene its responsibilities by suggesting bogus payments. On the other hand, the company used false credentials to lessen legal responsibilities.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This was done by annulling instructions for which no evidence existed in Medco’s management Database. Again, the company called off prescriptions without a legitimate explanation. It is factual that the company gave out prescriptions without accurately carrying out DUR test and without aptly contacting prescribers. It is a reality that Medco Company utilized the services of under qualified technicians to carry out functions that are legally preserved for experts. Such functions must always be performed by an expert in the field of pharmacy or must be supervised by a pharmacist. Such mistakes included arbitrating and giving prescriptions to patients without being assessed or directed by a qualified pharmacist. Litigation The criticisms in this case were filed under the federal false claims act and state false claims acts against Medco Health Solutions. The cases assumed that Merck and Medco analytically deceived government-funded health indemnity plans by tolerating bribes in exchange for referring patients to particular goods, furtively tolerating rebates from medicine producers in exchange for rising the market share of goods, surreptitiously rising long-standing medicine expenses and failing to conform to state-mandated reputation of care values. This was conducted in a number of ways. One of the ways included requesting general practitioners to change patient prescriptions (drug subst itution) by offering deceptive, bogus or imperfect information that undermined the integrity of patients. The managers were only concerned about profits. Another technique employed was secretively rising the price of drugs offered to recipients by intentionally interchanging patients’ prescriptions to stop them from taking advantage of soon to be produced standard drugs. Lastly, the company was accused of defying fundamental state obligations governing pharmacist regulation of drug execution procedures. Through such behavior, the United States assumed that Merck and Medco dishonored their agreements with government-funded health indemnity plans (Showalter, 2007). These cases were revealed by whistleblowers in support of the United States government. On June 20, 2003, the United States interceded in the case following a widespread examination of realistic accusations and evidentiary support offered by parties. This study was performed by several national organizations, includi ng the Office of Inspector General of the Department of Health and Human Services, the Defense Criminal Investigative Service, the U.S. Attorney’s Office, the Office of Inspector General of the Office of Personnel Management, and the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. On December 9, 2003, the United States modified the case by adding two administrators of Medco as defendants.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on United States v Merck Medco specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the modified case, these managers were blamed for hiding deliberate obliteration of patient treatment, annihilating and ordering the demolition of patient prescriptions and giving confusing reports concerning the conspiracy when interrogated by the Department of Justice. The modified case also added another case, which was the violation of the law as regards to Public Contract Anti-Kickback Act for making shocking payments to health progra ms to persuade them to choose Medco as a pharmacy benefit director for government indentures. Decisions In this case, the court decided that Merck-Medcos conformity programs were either fictional or inadequate in approval of the irresponsible obligations mentioned. The conclusion did not clarify the extent of the Merck-Medco observance plan but the Court evidently concluded that the company presented bogus claims in thoughtless disrespect of their falsity. The resolution did not state that the top executives had any authentic information that the claims presented by Merck-Medco were bogus, but it surmised that the observance plan that was in place at Merck-Medco was obviously not enough to identify and stop the false assertions (McClellan, 2010). Obviously, the Government was not in a position to prove overwhelmingly that managers and bosses of the corporation had concrete data as regards to the supposed counterfeit statement or satisfactory participation in the billing procedure to have irresponsible disregard or intentional unawareness of the bogus claims presented to Blue Cross and Blue Shield. In this case, the court ruled that Medco Company had contravened the law and had bridged the contract. The company had no option but to pay the government a huge amount of money as compensation for damages. Effects on healthcare The Merck-Medco case is the first that an outworker has been pronounced for violating criminal law in part since the observance plan was imperfect and inadequate. Consequently, a number of proposals aimed at intensifying the conformity program have been put forward. Firstly, any healthcare company should set up and circulate a code of conduct in the company as fast as possible if it is not yet publicized (Tauber, 2005).Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The administrator agreement must be designed to serve as a top observer with unswerving task for all conformity actions (Showalter, 2007). The person in charge must have direct admission to the CEO and the Board of Directors. Compliance manager must be given power, authority to separately investigate and act on issues related to law, and policies that oblige the corporation to operate or not operate in particular ways. Furthermore, all workers in the healthcare sector must be educated about the existence and the particulars of the companys observance plan. To do this, normal reports, at least weekly, should be issued to the Board of Directors as regards to any interior surveys (Tauber, 2005). Managers in the healthcare organizations should set up episodic interior reviews and institute techniques for supervising observance and incessantly examining the hotline system for detecting contraventions. Furthermore, reporters must be guaranteed of their security. Finally, the organization should set off any interior inquiry based on plausible information regarding reported crimes. References McClellan, M. (2010). A National Strategy to put Accountable Care into Practice. Health Affairs, 29(5). Showalter, S. (2007). The Law of Healthcare Administration (5th ed.) New York: Health Administration Press. Tauber, A. (2005). Patient Autonomy and the Ethics of Responsibility. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Angelina Grimk's Letters to Catharine Beecher Essay

Angelina Grimk's Letters to Catharine Beecher - Essay Example Such a formulaic approach may be somewhat non-engaging with the reader; however, it is necessary in order to understand the progression and development that many of the key agents of societal change have embarked upon as they have sought to better themselves as well as the societies in which they lived. This was very much the case with Angelina Grimke’s efforts to abolish slavery and better the plight of women in the society of her time. As such, this brief analysis piece will discuss the ways in which Grimke accomplished some of these feats as a function of analysis of the letters that she wrote to a fellow friend and colleague Catharine Beecher. The back and forth between the two women has been subsequently published by a number of different sources that sought to analyze the distinct political and social growth that their debate precipitated. The fact of the matter was that Beecher and Grimke represented the very early forms of conservative and liberal thought within the Am erican political system. Although neither of them had the right to vote or carried any great amount of political clout, the arguments that were employed as well as the type of logic they both relied upon denotes a fundamentally American development of the political spectrum from that of the woman that supported the status quo as something â€Å"ordained by God† and the woman who found the status quo repulsive and ripe for a systemic change which could work to make the American political and social landscape more representative, fair, and less racist. In one of her letters, Beecher wrote to Grimke, â€Å"Women hold a subordinate position to men as ‘a beneficent and immutable Divine law’ †¦ and are the proper persons to make appeals to the rulers whom they appoint†¦ [females] are surely out of their place in attempting to do it themselves†.1 Such a world view is of course patently evident of a very traditional acceptance of gender roles within soci ety. However, it should be noted that rather than engaging on the topic of whether or not slavery was itself a tenable and/or defensible position, Beecher chose instead to argue the point from the perspective that women should put themselves in subjugation to the men who have the God-given right to make and define law. Such an approach was of course a cheap rhetorical attempt to ignore the broader moral question that defined the issues. As such, Grimke’s response served to exploit and shine light on such a cheap rhetorical aside. Said Grimke as a way of response to such a traditionalist and closed-minded response to the moral ills of the time, â€Å"Women ought to feel a peculiar sympathy in the colored man's wrong, for, like him, she has been accused of mental inferiority, and denied the privileges of a liberal education†. 2 In such a way, Grimke brought the debate directly back to the prescient issue with regards to how women are as morally responsible for the sin of slavery as their male counterparts. Grimke goes on to state, â€Å"The doctrine of blind obedience and unqualified submission to any human power, whether civil or ecclesiastical, is the doctrine of despotism, and ought to have no place among Republicans and Christians†.3 Although many of her time thought her to be a radical of sorts and

Industrial Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Industrial Relations - Essay Example As the discussion declares the first stature for the labourers was formulated to help the community get access to physically well built men who were not engaged in any other activity of craftsmanship etc. to work for hire on a standardized wage rate. This was the first time that the wages were standardized through a public legislation. In the middle ages there was a shortage of labour owing to an epidemic. Legislations were made so as to prevent people from taking advantage of the situation by asking for exorbitant remuneration in return for the labour. Thus, there were penalties not only for those asking for an increase in wages but also for those lords who were ready to pay extra for getting their work done. There were even statues for those workers who moved to other countries in search of better wages and work. The statute allowed the sheriffs to arrest such workers and bring them back to Britain. This paper stresses that the early 15th century saw some more liberalization on working laws and even child labour statutes. Earlier laws required parents to put children in such labour which was the requirement of their estates. But the new statute gave freedom to the parents to decide for their children’s future and allowed them to send their children to school. There were modifications to the law restricting free movement of labour and also no control of workers over the decision of setting wages for work. Though freedom was given to the lords over decision regarding wages, the workers were still not free to decide what wage they can work for.

Minor Assignment Marketing Mix Essay Example for Free

Minor Assignment Marketing Mix Essay Introduction This report has been compiled in order to describe the four most common elements of the marketing mix which are described by Elliot, Rundle-Thiele and Waller (2010 p.18-21) in the following few sentences. * Product – â€Å"A good, service or idea offered to the market for exchange.† (p.18) * Price – â€Å"The amount of money a business demands in exchange for its offerings.† (p.20) * Promotion – â€Å"The marketing activities that make potential customers, partners and society aware of and attracted to the business’s offerings. † (p.20) * Place (Distribution) – â€Å"The means of making the offering available to the customer at the right time and place† (p.21) In conjunction with these descriptions, all four marketing mix elements will be analysed and shown how they can be applied to retail petrol outlets and the products which are made available to customers. The Marketing Mix Elliot et. al describe the marketing mix as â€Å"the different elements that marketers need to consider.† (2010 p. 18) When using the marketing mix to market retail petrol outlets such as Caltex Woolworths or Coles Express, marketers need to consider the Product, Price, Promotion and Distribution (Place) of not only petrol, but many other consumer and specialty products which retail petrol outlets offer. Product It can be seen in retail petrol stations that other than the expected fuels like unleaded and diesel which are generally relatively low in terms of their profit margin, â€Å"some oil firms claim that supermarkets sell petrol at a loss in order to attract customers.† (The Economist, 1996 p.58) Other products are required in order to boost profits for the retail petrol chains’ owner. These other products are mostly the convenience type and can range from the daily newspaper and chewing gum, to a bottle of orange juice or a loaf of bread. There are three categories of convenience products outlined by Elliot et al. which are all found in retail petrol outlets and include staple products, impulse products and emergency products. (2010 p. 207) * Staple products – These are considered to be everyday grocery products like bread and milk, purchased regularly by consumers and therefore aren’t heavily promoted * Impulse products – These are considered to be only purchased when seen, like confectionary or magazines which are eye catching and are usually found around the cash register. * Emergency products – These are considered to be those products which are only purchased when really needed, like a raincoat or an umbrella. Although there are a lot of products sold by retail petrol outlets like Caltex Woolworths and Coles Express, the obvious product centred on all retail petrol outlets is the fuel supplied to consumers. The varieties of fuels which can be purchased can include: * E10 – 10% Ethanol. * E85 – 85% Ethanol. * E95 – 95% Ethanol. * Unleaded – Standard fuel. * Hi Octane – Offered for high performance vehicles. * LPG – Alternative to liquid fuel, a Gas product. * Diesel – More efficient lower sulphur producing by product. There is a vast selection of fuels for consumers to choose from and although the blends of fuels stay similar, the names and descriptions of these fuels tend to change from outlet to outlet. For example, when you drive into a Caltex Woolworths you are confronted with the choice of â€Å"Caltex Vortex 95 or 98,† both are hi octane blends offered to a prospective purchaser. (Woolworths fuels, Website.) Price When dealing with topic of pricing in retail petrol stores, the outcome of the price has to be both beneficial to the seller, and seen as a good deal to the buyer, otherwise no trades will take place. As stated previously, petrol itself tends to have a lower margin for profit which means the strategic pricing of other products in-store needs to be addressed as well as ensuring that the price of petrol is not seen as out of balance with other suppliers. There is an obvious demand for petrol, as almost everyone who is able, drives or rides a vehicle which requires fuel to run. So it could be argued that retail petrol stations don’t necessarily set their own prices, but go off supplier guidelines which base their fuel pricing strategy on demand, â€Å"Demand based pricing sets prices according to the level of aggregate or individual customer demand in the market.† (Elliott et al. 2010 p. 250) Elliott et al. also continue to write that both Caltex Woolworths and Coles Express hold more than 60% of the Australian fuel market share (2010 p.268) so high demand from their suppliers will enable them to lower their fuel prices and therefore gain more customers, earning higher profits. Pricing of other products offered by retail petrol outlets such as bread or milk tend to have the opportunity to be competitive and more fairly priced than a standard petrol station, the major grocery companies behind retail petrol outlets like Woolworths and Coles focus on gaining more ground off one and other, price drops are reflected in store and this also proves more profitable, because consumers are drawn into purchasing something they wouldn’t normally associate with their petrol. Promotion An important aspect in the success of retail petrol outlets is in their promotion, or the way in which their fuels and other products are portrayed to potential customers. There are many numbers of ways in which retail petrol outlets use promotional tools to make the public more aware of what their outlet has to offer. Using the Coles Express website for example, it can be seen that promotion plays a major role in the marketing of retail petrol outlets, on the homepage can be found five key promotional campaigns designed to catch the eye of potential customers. The opportunity to win â€Å"the ultimate weekend Ferrari drive experience† or â€Å"two Cadbury chocolate bars for four dollars† (Coles Express, website) are two examples of how Coles Express use promotion as a tool to gain the interest of potential customers. The use of shopper dockets and rewards cards are also a major way in which retail petrol outlets have promoted themselves, using incentives of cheaper fuel by spending amounts of money in store or purchasing earlier in their supermarkets and bringing the docket to the petrol station in order to gain the fuel discount. In the recent past, retail petrol outlets have encouraged shoppers to buy big in store in order to earn big discounts off fuel â€Å"motorists who spend more than $300 during one supermarket visit during the next three days receive a 40 cent per litre petrol discount. Shoppers who spend more than $200 or more receive a 25 cent a litre discount, while those who spend $100 or more get a 10 cent a litre discount.† (Cranston 2009) Woolworths have the â€Å"Everyday Rewards† program, and Coles have the â€Å"Fly buys† rewards program. Both these programs offer rewards point in exchange for purchases made in their outlets. Another way in which retail petrol outlets can promote their product is through sponsorship, Coles Express for example are sponsoring Daffodil day, a program not normally associated with fuel but this can help to grow an organisations image, by supporting such a worthy cause, Coles express may gain respect from the community and in turn boost their profits. Place (Distribution) The transportation and distribution of products including fuel to retail petrol outlets operates under the marketing mix category of â€Å"Place.† â€Å"The science (or art) of ensuring products are in the right place at the right time in the right quantity is known as logistics and the various partners that contribute to the process make up is called the supply chain.† (Elliot et al. 2010 p.21) Retail petrol outlets operate somewhat differently to conventional service stations, the retail petrol outlets are often situated near to a parent supermarket company (in the same complex) which makes supply of products other than fuel relatively easy as the distance for stock to travel is minimal. When looking at the fuel aspect, it can be seen that the logistics tend to become a lot more involved and a more defined supply chain emerges. * First fuel is sourced from their respective supplier (Caltex or Shell) on a relatively routine basis, as fuel is a required product for most of the community. * The fuel is then transported by truck from oil refineries which are based in more coastal areas (Caltex oil refinery in Kurnell NSW) which makes it easier to transfer oil from overseas oil barges when new shipments arrive. * When the trucks reach the retail petrol outlet the fuel is then pumped into underground holding tanks, where the fuel can now be distributed to the customer via the petrol pump and now exchange of fuels can be made for a profit. Conclusion This report was compiled in order to describe the four elements of the marketing mix: * Product * Price * Promotion * Place (distribution) The descriptions of these marketing mix elements were also shown in application; how they are applied when breaking down the four aspects in relation to retail petrol outlets. Focusing on the Caltex Woolworths and Coles Express partnerships it was able to be shown how the marketing mix elements are applied. Products have been broken down into specific fuels and other items which are available to potential customers, these products have also been categorised as either: Staple, Impulse or Emergency. Price has been shown to be of vital importance, and the outcome of the price has to be both beneficial to the seller, and seen as a good deal to the buyer. Promotion has also proven to be of high importance to the overall marketing of retail petrol outlets, the use of shopper dockets for discounts, and sponsorship for awareness and image are important promotional tools outlined above. Place (Distribution) outlines the logistics and supply chain which is in place for retail petrol outlets to gain their product in order to forward it onto the paying public to gain an overall profit. All four of these marketing mix elements play their own equally pivotal role in ensuring the successful operation of retail petrol outlets. References Coles Express website www.colesexpress.com.au Cranston, B. (2009) NSW: ACCC investigating supermarket petrol promotion. AAP Australian National News wire Elliott, G. Rundle-Thiele, S. Waller, D. (2010) Marketing. Pump Action, The Economist. (1996) Vol. 338 Issue 7950, page 58 Woolworths petrol website www.woolworthspetrol.com.au

Latvian Jews and the Holocaust :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Holocaust seemed as if it was one mans (Adolf Hitler) determination to exterminate all Jews in Europe, but in fact this is not completely true. The Holocaust was the determination of many men and woman of different backgrounds and languages. One of which is the people of Latvia. During WWI, the was was no less disruptive to the Jews than to anyone else. They were and used for both Capitalist exploitation and Communist conspiracy. During WWII they were beaten, killed, and/or imprisoned mercilessly in camps throughout Europe, not excluding the two camps in Riga, Latvia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Latvian Jews had a long history. In 1897 the census for Latvia, just before WWI, reported a combined number of about 200,000 Jews. At this point, Riga held about 33,000 Jews. Since Kurland became a duchy of Poland in the sixteenth century, Jews of Luthuanian Poland moved north. There, even though, routinely reguarded as outsiders, having to pay taxes and fees and fines, Jews prospered and expanded themselves in number. They engaged in commerce of every variety including leasing, brokering, and peddling. Jew were goldsmiths, brandy distillers, artisans, tradesmen, and even sometimes hired as tax collectors. Jews were the ceter of economic life. They controlled exports of cereal, flax, eggs, and timber. Tanneries, sawmills, and banks were often owned by Jews, even clothing factories and stores were owned and operated by mostly Jews. Most well known doctors and lawyers and entertainers were Jewish, but of the 5,921 civil servants, only 21 were Jews. Around fifty percent were involved in commerce and trade, as opposed to the one percent of Latvians. This was because most Latvians were engaged in agricultural production. Jew also lived mostly in the city and town areas and created strong Jewish communities. After WWI, when the census was done again in 1925, Latvia had only counted for 95,675 Jews, less than half of pre-WWI. Now the aggrivated nationalist mind was getting very dissoriented by what had happened after Soviet annexation, the people were seeing the Jew and Bolshevism as one and the same, and as before, estermination was the only answer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The massacres of Jews began immediately after the Soviet counterattcks on June 29, 1941, before German police and officials even arrived. In Daugavpils, all Jews between the ages of sixteen to sixty were called to the down town square where they were assembled and incarcerated. At one of the main streets in Riga, Bear Slayer Street (the bear stands for the Russians) were the two Riga ghettos.

Benefits of Procedural Justice Essay

Folger and Konovsky (1989) explain that procedural justice refers to the perceived fairness of the means used to determine the amounts of compensation employees receive. Coetzee (2004) further describes it as the extent to which fair procedures and processes are in place and adhered to in an organization, and to which individuals see their leaders being fair and sincere in all they do. This essay will explore the benefits of procedural justice and in particular present an argument that supports the statement that the perception of procedural justice by employees results into positive work outcomes. Skarlicki and Folger (1997) identify the following positive consequences of procedural justice: organization commitment, intent to stay with the organization, organizational citizenship behavior, trust in supervisors and workmates, satisfaction with decisions made as well as increased work effort, job satisfaction and performance. It is these positive outcomes that are expounded on in support of the statement that positive work outcomes arise from the perception of procedural justice by employees. McFarlin and Sweeney (1992) point out that procedures define the organizations capacity to treat employees fairly and therefore if they see the procedures as fair, employees may view the organization positively. This positivity results into high commitment and supervisor evaluations. Findings in the study by Folger and Konovsky (1989) also reveal that procedural justice has been shown to be positively related to organizational commitment. Furthermore, Moorman, Niehoff and Organ (1993) show that procedural justice influences affective commitment in particular. Affective commitment refers to one’s psychological attachment to the organization as well as their identification with it (Muchinsky, 2006). Procedural justice influences affective commitment in a way that the fair procedures of allocating resources and resolving disputes in organizations represent the view that employees are valued and it is this value that results in the employee being more attached to and identifying more with the organization. In addition, Organ (1988) suggests that perceptions of fairness may also promote effectiveness in organizations through influencing an employee’s decision to perform organizational citizenship behaviors because in exchange for being treated fairly, employees would engage in discretionary gestures of such behavior. Organizational citizenship behaviors are â€Å"those contributions that employees make to the overall welfare of the organization that go beyond the required duties of their job† (Muchinsky, 2006, p. 326). This behavior may include avoiding complaints, attendance better than the group norm and courtesy. Moorman et al. (1993) further explains that employees go above and beyond their prescribed roles by demonstrating conscientiousness toward their work, trying to prevent problems with other employees, informing others before taking important actions, and refraining from excessively complaining about work, because they feel the necessity to reciprocate the fair treatment they have received from the organization. This is therefore yet another positive work outcome of procedural fairness. Furthermore, trust, which according to McShane and Von Glinow (2009) refers to positive expectations one person has toward another in situations involving risk, is yet another outcome that arises from procedural justice. Pearce, Bigley and Branyczki (1998) show that perceptions of procedural justice were associated not only with a greater trust in supervisors but also with a greater trust in peers as employees perceive their rights to have been honoured and can therefore reciprocate in any situation, since this trust is based on expectations that are held in common and can be reciprocated. In terms of job satisfaction and morale, those who perceive justice in their organizations are more likely to feel satisfied with their job and less likely to leave their job (Bakhshi, 2009). Moorman et al. , (2009) further explains that procedural justice may be a basis for an employee’s level of work satisfaction when that employee has developed a positive view of the organization due to its existing fair procedures. This then boosts the level of performance on the job. On the contrary however, perception of procedural injustice therefore in an organization will lead to a range of negative outcomes including low levels of organizational commitment and job satisfaction, reduced task performance and employee withholding of organizational citizenship behaviour (Pearce et al. , 1998). These are negative work outcomes that may therefore hinder the progress of n organization in the long run. In conclusion, this essay has defined procedural justice, and supported the statement that that the perception of procedural justice by employees results in positive work outcomes. This has been done by presenting in detail using a range of social science literature and empirical research the various outcomes namely trust, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship and identifying the negative outcomes of procedural injustice.

Community Circle Class Meetings for Classroom Management

One way to build a student-centered learning community is through class meetings, also known as Community Circle. This idea is adapted from the popular book called Tribes: We Need You to Lead Us by Seth Godin. Frequency and Time Required Consider holding class meetings weekly or biweekly, depending on your needs and preferences. Some school years, you may have a particularly delicate classroom environment that needs extra attention. Other years, getting together every other week may be enough. Budget approximately 15-20 minutes for each class meeting session at approximately the same time on a predetermined day; for example, schedule the meeting right before lunchtime on Fridays. The Class Meeting Agenda As a group, sit in a circle on the ground and stick to some very certain rules, which are: Appreciation of Others (i.e. no put-downs)Listen AttentivelyRespect EveryoneRight to Pass (students can pass when its their turn) Additionally, designate a special gesture to keep things under control. For example, when the teacher raises her hand, everyone else raises their hand and stops talking. You may want to make this gesture different from the attention signal you use during the rest of the day. At each class meeting, announce a different prompt or format for sharing. The Tribes book offers a wealth of ideas for this purpose. For instance, it is effective to go around the circle and finish sentences, such as: One thing I like about our classroom is....Im grateful that....One good thing that happened to me recently is....I wish....Im bigger than a ______. Im smaller than a ________.I hope that.... Interview Circle Another idea is Interview Circle where one student sits in the middle and the other students ask him/her three autobiographical questions. For instance, they ask about brothers and sister, pets, likes and dislikes, etc. The interviewee can choose to pass on any of the questions. I model how it works by going first. The kids enjoy calling on their classmates and learning about each other. Conflict Resolution Most importantly, if there is a problem in the classroom that needs to be addressed, the class meeting is the most appropriate place to bring it up and model problem solving with your class. Offer time for apologies and clearing the air. With your guidance, your students should be able to practice these important interpersonal skills with maturity and grace. Watch It Work Fifteen minutes per week is a small investment to make in order to strengthen the bonds between you and your students. Students sense that their opinions, dreams, and insights are valued and treated with respect. It also gives them a chance to practice their listening, speaking, and interpersonal skills. Try it in your classroom. See how it works for you! Edited By: Janelle Cox